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Therefore, the effects on trunk fat, often measured as changes in waist circumference , are very relevant effects of testosterone treatment. Body mass index as a widely used measure of body composition declined after 6 months with further improvement during an observation period of 2 years . Testosterone-induced nitrogen retention in castrated male animals and sex-related differences in the size of the muscles in male and female animals have been cited as evidence that testosterone has anabolic effects.
The primary outcome measure was fat-free mass determined by underwater weighing. In addition, body composition was assessed by the deuterium water dilution method. Muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and muscle strength was determined by one repetition maximum of the bench press and squat exercises before and at the end of the 10-week treatment period. Body weight was recorded with minimal clothing on the same scale every 2 weeks.
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Serum total and free testosterone levels, LH, FSH, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured during weeks −4, −2, and −1 before treatment and on days 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 of the treatment period. Blood counts and chemistries were measured during weeks −4 and −1 before treatment; on days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and at the end of the 4-month recovery period. Periodic evaluations for adverse experiences were made during weeks− 4 and −1 before treatment; on days 28, 56, and 70 of the treatment period; and 4 months after discontinuation of treatment. But can testosterone replacement therapy help with heart disease? Small studies in the early 2000s found that men with heart disease who underwent testosterone therapy saw only slight improvements.
Additionally, testosterone replacement therapy may increase estrogen levels through aromatase conversion. Our results indicate that testosterone replacement of hypogonadal men, who are not HIV infected, can increase fat-free mass and muscle size.
- Recent studies of the effects of testosterone on muscle mass/strength are mostly short term.
- In a later study, the same group of authors concluded that the anabolic response to testosterone liver inflammation can largely be predicted by the dose administered .
- If the dose administered is too low, no effects may be demonstrable .
- Composite maximum voluntary strength of upper and lower body muscles had increased after 16 weeks .
However, the effects of testosterone on body composition and muscle size have not been rigorously studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of replacement doses of testosterone on fat-free mass and muscle size in healthy hypogonadal men in the setting of controlled nutritional intake and exercise level.
Some were able to increase their walking distance by 33 percent. Another study found that hormone therapy only widened healthy arteries but had no effect on angina pain.
Although the percent fat did not change, it is possible that there may be significant changes in regional fat distribution during testosterone treatment that are not reflected in the whole body estimates of fat content. Muscle size increased in both the arm and leg, even though the subjects did not undertake resistance exercise other than their activities of daily life. Testosterone treatment was withdrawn for 12 weeks; we do not know whether a longer washout might have produced greater increases in fat-free mass.
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The hypothesis that replacement doses of testosterone can augment lean body mass and promote weight gain in HIV-infected men or in sarcopenic states with low testosterone levels remains to be tested. Our results demonstrate that testosterone replacement has substantial effects on body composition. Replacement doses of testosterone increase body weight, primarily by increasing fat-free mass.
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